import logging
import io
import json
import xxhash
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import polars as pl
import pyarrow as pa
import matplotlib
from scipy import sparse
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime
import hashlib
import tempfile
import sklearn
import joblib
from pathlib import Path

matplotlib.use("Agg")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from PIL import Image
from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from coded_flows.types import (
    Union,
    DataFrame,
    ArrowTable,
    MediaData,
    PILImage,
    Tuple,
    Any,
    DataSeries,
    Str,
)
from coded_flows.utils import CodedFlowsLogger

logger = CodedFlowsLogger(name="Dim. Reduction T-SNE", level=logging.INFO)
DataType = Union[
    pd.DataFrame, pl.DataFrame, np.ndarray, sparse.spmatrix, pd.Series, pl.Series
]


@dataclass
class _DatasetFingerprint:
    """Lightweight fingerprint of a dataset."""

    hash: str
    shape: tuple
    computed_at: str
    data_type: str
    method: str


class _UniversalDatasetHasher:
    """
    High-performance dataset hasher optimizing for zero-copy operations.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        data_size: int,
        method: str = "auto",
        sample_size: int = 100000,
        verbose: bool = False,
    ):
        self.method = method
        self.sample_size = sample_size
        self.data_size = data_size
        self.verbose = verbose

    def hash_data(self, data: DataType) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        if isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame):
            return self._hash_pandas(data)
        elif isinstance(data, pl.DataFrame):
            return self._hash_polars(data)
        elif isinstance(data, pd.Series):
            return self._hash_pandas_series(data)
        elif isinstance(data, pl.Series):
            return self._hash_polars_series(data)
        elif isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
            return self._hash_numpy(data)
        elif sparse.issparse(data):
            return self._hash_sparse(data)
        else:
            raise TypeError(f"Unsupported data type: {type(data)}")

    def _hash_pandas(self, df: pd.DataFrame) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        method = self._determine_method(self.data_size, self.method)
        target_df = df
        if method == "sampled":
            target_df = self._get_pandas_sample(df)
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {
                "columns": df.columns.tolist(),
                "dtypes": {k: str(v) for (k, v) in df.dtypes.items()},
                "shape": df.shape,
            },
        )
        try:
            row_hashes = pd.util.hash_pandas_object(target_df, index=False)
            hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.values))
        except Exception:
            self._hash_pandas_fallback(hasher, target_df)
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=df.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="pandas",
            method=method,
        )

    def _get_pandas_sample(self, df: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
        if self.data_size <= self.sample_size:
            return df
        chunk = self.sample_size // 3
        head = df.iloc[:chunk]
        mid_idx = self.data_size // 2
        mid = df.iloc[mid_idx : mid_idx + chunk]
        tail = df.iloc[-chunk:]
        return pd.concat([head, mid, tail])

    def _hash_pandas_fallback(self, hasher, df: pd.DataFrame):
        for col in df.columns:
            val = df[col].astype(str).values
            hasher.update(val.astype(np.bytes_).tobytes())

    def _hash_polars(self, df: pl.DataFrame) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        method = self._determine_method(self.data_size, self.method)
        target_df = df
        if method == "sampled" and self.data_size > self.sample_size:
            indices = self._get_sample_indices(self.data_size, self.sample_size)
            target_df = df.gather(indices)
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {
                "columns": df.columns,
                "dtypes": [str(t) for t in df.dtypes],
                "shape": df.shape,
            },
        )
        row_hashes = target_df.hash_rows()
        hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.to_numpy()))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=df.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="polars",
            method=method,
        )

    def _hash_pandas_series(self, series: pd.Series) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {
                "name": series.name if series.name else "None",
                "dtype": str(series.dtype),
                "shape": series.shape,
            },
        )
        try:
            row_hashes = pd.util.hash_pandas_object(series, index=False)
            hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.values))
        except Exception:
            hasher.update(memoryview(series.astype(str).values.tobytes()))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=series.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="pandas_series",
            method="full",
        )

    def _hash_polars_series(self, series: pl.Series) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {"name": series.name, "dtype": str(series.dtype), "shape": series.shape},
        )
        try:
            row_hashes = series.hash()
            hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.to_numpy()))
        except Exception:
            hasher.update(str(series.to_list()).encode())
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=series.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="polars_series",
            method="full",
        )

    def _hash_numpy(self, arr: np.ndarray) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {"shape": arr.shape, "dtype": str(arr.dtype), "strides": arr.strides},
        )
        if arr.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"] or arr.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"]:
            hasher.update(memoryview(arr))
        else:
            hasher.update(memoryview(np.ascontiguousarray(arr)))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=arr.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="numpy",
            method="full",
        )

    def _hash_sparse(self, matrix: sparse.spmatrix) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        if not (sparse.isspmatrix_csr(matrix) or sparse.isspmatrix_csc(matrix)):
            matrix = matrix.tocsr()
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher, {"shape": matrix.shape, "format": matrix.format, "nnz": matrix.nnz}
        )
        hasher.update(memoryview(matrix.data))
        hasher.update(memoryview(matrix.indices))
        hasher.update(memoryview(matrix.indptr))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=matrix.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type=f"sparse_{matrix.format}",
            method="sparse",
        )

    def _determine_method(self, rows: int, requested: str) -> str:
        if requested != "auto":
            return requested
        if rows < 5000000:
            return "full"
        return "sampled"

    def _hash_schema(self, hasher, schema):
        hasher.update(
            json.dumps(schema, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":")).encode()
        )

    def _get_sample_indices(self, total_rows: int, sample_size: int) -> list:
        chunk = sample_size // 3
        indices = list(range(min(chunk, total_rows)))
        mid_start = max(0, total_rows // 2 - chunk // 2)
        mid_end = min(mid_start + chunk, total_rows)
        indices.extend(range(mid_start, mid_end))
        last_start = max(0, total_rows - chunk)
        indices.extend(range(last_start, total_rows))
        return sorted(list(set(indices)))


def _plot_tsne_scatter(
    ax, x_data, y_data, x_label, y_label, hue_data, hue_col, palette
):
    """Plot T-SNE scatter plot with selected axes."""
    if hue_data is not None:
        scatter_df = pd.DataFrame({x_label: x_data, y_label: y_data, hue_col: hue_data})
        sns.scatterplot(
            data=scatter_df,
            x=x_label,
            y=y_label,
            hue=hue_col,
            palette=palette,
            ax=ax,
            alpha=0.7,
            s=50,
        )
        ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc="upper left")
    else:
        ax.scatter(x_data, y_data, alpha=0.7, s=50)
    ax.set_xlabel(x_label)
    ax.set_ylabel(y_label)
    ax.set_title("t-SNE Projection")
    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)


def tsne_analysis(
    data: Union[DataFrame, ArrowTable], options=None
) -> Tuple[Any, Union[MediaData, PILImage], DataFrame]:
    options = options or {}
    verbose = options.get("verbose", True)
    random_state = options.get("random_state", 42)
    activate_caching = options.get("activate_caching", False)
    output_type = options.get("output_type", "array")
    columns = options.get("columns", None)
    n_components = options.get("n_components", 2)
    scale_data = options.get("scale_data", True)
    id_column = options.get("id_column", "")
    hue = options.get("hue", "")
    exclude_hue = options.get("exclude_hue", True)
    palette = options.get("palette", "husl")
    n_jobs_str = options.get("n_jobs", "1")
    n_jobs_int = -1 if n_jobs_str == "All" else int(n_jobs_str)
    pc_x = options.get("pc_x", 1)
    pc_y = options.get("pc_y", 2)
    perplexity = options.get("perplexity", 30.0)
    auto_lr = options.get("auto_learning_rate", True)
    custom_lr = options.get("learning_rate", 200.0)
    learning_rate = "auto" if auto_lr else custom_lr
    n_iter = options.get("n_iter", 1000)
    early_exaggeration = options.get("early_exaggeration", 12.0)
    metric_raw = options.get("metric", "Euclidean")
    metric = metric_raw.lower() if metric_raw else "euclidean"
    angle = options.get("angle", 0.5)
    min_grad_norm = options.get("min_grad_norm", 1e-07)
    dpi = 300
    verbose and logger.info(
        f"Starting T-SNE with {n_components} components. Displaying PC{pc_x} vs PC{pc_y}"
    )
    verbose and logger.info(
        f"Config: metric={metric}, lr={learning_rate}, angle={angle}"
    )
    if pc_x > n_components or pc_y > n_components:
        verbose and logger.warning(
            f"Selected PCs (X:{pc_x}, Y:{pc_y}) exceed n_components ({n_components}). Clamping to valid range."
        )
        pc_x = min(pc_x, n_components)
        pc_y = min(pc_y, n_components)
    TSNE_Image = None
    TSNE_Projections = pd.DataFrame()
    Scaler = None
    plot_components = None
    hue_data = None
    hue_col = None
    df = None
    try:
        if isinstance(data, pl.DataFrame):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Converting polars DataFrame to pandas")
            df = data.to_pandas()
        elif isinstance(data, pa.Table):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Converting Arrow table to pandas")
            df = data.to_pandas()
        elif isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Input is already pandas DataFrame")
            df = data
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported data type: {type(data).__name__}")
    except Exception as e:
        raise RuntimeError(
            f"Failed to convert input data to pandas DataFrame: {e}"
        ) from e
    if df.empty:
        raise ValueError("Input DataFrame is empty")
    verbose and logger.info(
        f"Processing DataFrame with {df.shape[0]:,} rows × {df.shape[1]:,} columns"
    )
    if hue and hue.strip():
        if hue not in df.columns:
            raise ValueError(f"Hue column '{hue}' not found")
        hue_col = hue
    if id_column and id_column.strip() and (id_column not in df.columns):
        raise ValueError(f"ID column '{id_column}' not found in DataFrame")
    if columns and len(columns) > 0:
        missing_cols = [col for col in columns if col not in df.columns]
        if missing_cols:
            raise ValueError(f"Columns not found in DataFrame: {missing_cols}")
        feature_cols = list(columns)
    else:
        feature_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=["number", "bool"]).columns.tolist()
        if not feature_cols:
            raise ValueError("No numeric columns found in DataFrame")
    if id_column and id_column.strip() and (id_column in feature_cols):
        feature_cols.remove(id_column)
    if exclude_hue and hue_col and (hue_col in feature_cols):
        feature_cols.remove(hue_col)
    if not feature_cols:
        raise ValueError("No feature columns remaining after excluding ID column")
    skip_computation = False
    cache_folder = None
    all_hash = None
    if activate_caching:
        verbose and logger.info(f"Caching is active")
        data_hasher = _UniversalDatasetHasher(df.shape[0], verbose=verbose)
        X_hash = data_hasher.hash_data(df[feature_cols]).hash
        all_hash_base_text = f"HASH BASE TEXT TSNE_V3Scikit Learn Version {sklearn.__version__}{X_hash}_{n_components}_{scale_data}_{random_state}{perplexity}_{learning_rate}_{n_iter}_{early_exaggeration}{metric}_{angle}_{min_grad_norm}{exclude_hue}{sorted(feature_cols)}"
        all_hash = hashlib.sha256(all_hash_base_text.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
        verbose and logger.info(f"Hash was computed: {all_hash}")
        temp_folder = Path(tempfile.gettempdir())
        cache_folder = temp_folder / "coded-flows-cache"
        cache_folder.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        tsne_proj_path = cache_folder / f"tsne_proj_{all_hash}.parquet"
        tsne_est_path = cache_folder / f"tsne_estimator_{all_hash}.joblib"
        scaler_path = cache_folder / f"pca_scaler_{all_hash}.joblib"
        if (
            tsne_proj_path.is_file()
            and tsne_est_path.is_file()
            and scaler_path.is_file()
        ):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Cache hit! Loading results.")
            try:
                TSNE_Projections = pd.read_parquet(tsne_proj_path)
                tsne = joblib.load(tsne_est_path)
                Scaler = joblib.load(scaler_path)
                comps_for_plot_df = TSNE_Projections.copy()
                if id_column and id_column in comps_for_plot_df.columns:
                    comps_for_plot_df = comps_for_plot_df.drop(columns=[id_column])
                plot_components = comps_for_plot_df.values
                skip_computation = True
            except Exception as e:
                verbose and logger.warning(f"Cache load failed, recomputing: {e}")
                skip_computation = False
    if not skip_computation:
        X = df[feature_cols]
        if np.any(np.isnan(X)):
            verbose and logger.warning(f"Removing rows with missing values")
            mask = ~np.isnan(X).any(axis=1)
            X = X[mask]
            df_indices = df.index[mask]
        else:
            df_indices = df.index
        if X.shape[0] < perplexity:
            verbose and logger.warning(
                f"Data samples ({X.shape[0]}) < Perplexity ({perplexity}). Adjusting perplexity."
            )
            perplexity = max(5.0, float(X.shape[0] - 1))
        if scale_data:
            verbose and logger.info(f"Scaling features")
            Scaler = StandardScaler()
            X_transformed = Scaler.fit_transform(X)
        else:
            X_transformed = X
        verbose and logger.info(f"Fitting T-SNE model (metric={metric})")
        tsne = TSNE(
            n_components=n_components,
            perplexity=perplexity,
            learning_rate=learning_rate,
            max_iter=n_iter,
            early_exaggeration=early_exaggeration,
            metric=metric,
            angle=angle,
            min_grad_norm=min_grad_norm,
            random_state=random_state,
            n_jobs=n_jobs_int,
        )
        plot_components = tsne.fit_transform(X_transformed)
        tsne_cols = [f"TSNE{i + 1}" for i in range(n_components)]
        TSNE_Projections = pd.DataFrame(
            plot_components, columns=tsne_cols, index=df_indices
        )
        if id_column and id_column.strip():
            id_data = df.loc[df_indices, id_column].values
            TSNE_Projections.insert(0, id_column, id_data)
        if activate_caching and cache_folder and all_hash:
            try:
                tsne_proj_path = cache_folder / f"tsne_proj_{all_hash}.parquet"
                tsne_est_path = cache_folder / f"tsne_estimator_{all_hash}.joblib"
                scaler_path = cache_folder / f"pca_scaler_{all_hash}.joblib"
                TSNE_Projections.to_parquet(tsne_proj_path)
                joblib.dump(tsne, tsne_est_path)
                if Scaler is not None:
                    joblib.dump(Scaler, scaler_path)
                verbose and logger.info(f"Results saved to cache")
            except Exception as e:
                verbose and logger.warning(f"Failed to save cache: {e}")
    try:
        idx_x = pc_x - 1
        idx_y = pc_y - 1
        x_values = plot_components[:, idx_x]
        y_values = plot_components[:, idx_y]
        x_label = f"t-SNE Dimension {pc_x}"
        y_label = f"t-SNE Dimension {pc_y}"
        if hue_col:
            hue_data = df.loc[TSNE_Projections.index, hue].values
            verbose and logger.info(f"Using hue column: '{hue}'")
        verbose and logger.info(
            f"Creating scatter visualization ({x_label} vs {y_label})"
        )
        (fig, ax) = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 7))
        _plot_tsne_scatter(
            ax, x_values, y_values, x_label, y_label, hue_data, hue_col, palette
        )
        verbose and logger.info(f"Rendering to {output_type}")
        buf = io.BytesIO()
        fig.savefig(buf, format="png", dpi=dpi, bbox_inches="tight")
        buf.seek(0)
        if output_type == "bytesio":
            TSNE_Image = buf
        elif output_type == "bytes":
            TSNE_Image = buf.getvalue()
            buf.close()
        elif output_type == "pil":
            TSNE_Image = Image.open(buf)
            TSNE_Image.load()
            buf.close()
        elif output_type == "array":
            img = Image.open(buf)
            TSNE_Image = np.array(img)
            buf.close()
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid output_type: '{output_type}'")
        plt.close(fig)
    except Exception as e:
        verbose and logger.error(f"Error during plotting: {e}")
        plt.close("all")
        raise RuntimeError(f"Plotting failed: {e}") from e
    verbose and logger.info(f"Successfully completed T-SNE analysis")
    return (Scaler, TSNE_Image, TSNE_Projections)